Things To Know About Bulgaria Before You Travel
Nestled in the heart of the Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria is a country that captivates visitors with its rich history, diverse landscapes, and vibrant culture. This hidden gem of Southeastern Europe offers a unique blend of ancient traditions and modern attractions, making it an increasingly popular destination for travelers seeking an authentic European experience.
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country that has witnessed the rise and fall of numerous civilizations throughout its long and storied history. From ancient Thracian tribes to Roman conquerors, from Byzantine emperors to Ottoman sultans, each era has left its mark on the country’s cultural tapestry. Today, Bulgaria stands as a proud member of the European Union, embracing its past while looking towards a promising future.
As you explore this fascinating country, you’ll discover a land of contrasts. From the bustling streets of Sofia, the capital city, to the tranquil shores of the Black Sea, from snow-capped mountain peaks to sun-drenched plains, Bulgaria offers a diverse range of experiences for every type of traveler. Whether you’re interested in exploring ancient ruins, relaxing on pristine beaches, hiking through lush forests, or immersing yourself in local traditions, Bulgaria has something to offer.
In this comprehensive guide, we’ll take you on a journey through Bulgaria, exploring its history, geography, culture, and practical information for travelers. So, pack your bags and get ready to discover the wonders of this Balkan beauty and let’s discover some Things To Know About Bulgaria Before You Travel !
Where is Bulgaria Located?
Bulgaria is situated in Southeastern Europe, occupying the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. It shares borders with five countries: Romania to the north (separated by the Danube River), Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. To the east, Bulgaria’s coastline stretches along the Black Sea, offering beautiful beaches and resort towns. This strategic location has played a crucial role in shaping the country’s history and culture, serving as a crossroads between Europe and Asia for centuries.
Explore Bulgaria
History of Bulgaria
Bulgaria’s history is a tapestry woven with threads of various civilizations and empires, each leaving an indelible mark on the country’s culture and identity. The story of this Balkan nation begins in ancient times, with the Thracians being among the earliest known inhabitants of the region. These tribes, known for their fierce warriors and rich gold treasures, flourished in the area from around 1000 BCE.
As the centuries passed, Bulgaria became a coveted territory for expanding empires. The Romans arrived in the 1st century CE, leaving behind impressive ruins and infrastructure that can still be seen today. Following the decline of the Roman Empire, the region fell under Byzantine rule.
A pivotal moment in Bulgarian history came in 681 CE when Khan Asparuh established the First Bulgarian Empire. This marked the birth of Bulgaria as a distinct political entity. The empire reached its zenith under Tsar Simeon I (893-927), often referred to as the Golden Age of Bulgarian culture.
However, the glory was not to last. In 1018, after years of conflict, Bulgaria fell to the Byzantine Empire. A period of Byzantine rule followed until 1185 when the Second Bulgarian Empire was established. This era saw another cultural and economic renaissance, with Tarnovo becoming a major European cultural hub.
The Ottoman conquest in the late 14th century ushered in nearly five centuries of Turkish rule. Despite the challenges, Bulgarians managed to preserve their language, religion, and cultural identity. The 19th century saw a national revival movement, culminating in the April Uprising of 1876 and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, which led to Bulgaria’s liberation from Ottoman rule.
The modern Bulgarian state was established in 1878, initially as a principality and later as a kingdom. The 20th century brought further challenges, including involvement in both World Wars and a period of communist rule from 1946 to 1989. The fall of communism in 1989 marked the beginning of Bulgaria’s transition to a democratic, market-oriented society.
Today, Bulgaria is a parliamentary democracy and a member of the European Union (since 2007) and NATO (since 2004). The country continues to navigate the complexities of its past while forging a path towards a prosperous future, balancing tradition with modernization.
Landscapes of Bulgaria
Bulgaria’s landscape is a diverse tapestry of natural wonders, offering everything from towering mountain ranges to golden beaches, from lush forests to fertile plains. This geographical variety not only contributes to the country’s biodiversity but also provides a stunning backdrop for various outdoor activities and tourism.
The country’s topography is dominated by mountains and highlands, which cover about one-third of its territory. The most prominent mountain range is the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina), which runs east-west through the center of the country. This range not only provides breathtaking scenery but also plays a crucial role in Bulgaria’s climate and hydrology.
To the southwest, the Rila and Pirin mountain ranges offer some of the most spectacular alpine landscapes in Eastern Europe. Rila is home to the highest peak in the Balkan Peninsula, Musala, standing at 2,925 meters (9,596 feet). These mountains are a paradise for hikers and nature lovers, with their pristine lakes, dense forests, and diverse flora and fauna.
In contrast to the rugged mountain terrain, Bulgaria also boasts expansive plains and lowlands. The Danubian Plain in the north and the Upper Thracian Plain in the south are important agricultural regions, their fertile soils supporting a variety of crops.
Bulgaria’s 378-kilometer Black Sea coastline is another geographical highlight. Here, you’ll find a mix of sandy beaches, rocky coves, and coastal lakes. Popular resort towns like Varna and Burgas attract tourists with their combination of sun, sea, and historical sites.
The country is also blessed with numerous rivers, the most significant being the Danube, which forms much of Bulgaria’s northern border with Romania. Other major rivers include the Iskur, Maritsa, and Struma, which play vital roles in the country’s water resources and ecosystems.
Bulgaria’s varied landscape is not just visually stunning; it also supports a rich biodiversity. The country is home to over 3,800 plant species (170 of which are endemic), 27,000 invertebrate species, and hundreds of vertebrate species. This natural wealth is protected through a network of national parks, nature reserves, and protected areas, ensuring that Bulgaria’s natural beauty can be enjoyed by generations to come.
Geographical Regions of Bulgaria
Bulgaria can be divided into several distinct geographical regions, each with its own characteristics and attractions:
- Danubian Plain (North Bulgaria): This fertile region stretches from the Danube River to the foothills of the Balkan Mountains. It’s characterized by gently rolling hills and is the country’s primary agricultural area.
- Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina): Running east to west through central Bulgaria, this mountain range significantly influences the country’s climate and geography. It’s popular for hiking and skiing.
- Sub-Balkan Valleys: Located south of the Balkan Mountains, these valleys enjoy a milder climate and are known for their rose cultivation, particularly in the Valley of Roses.
- Rila-Rhodope Massif: This region in southwestern Bulgaria includes the Rila, Pirin, and Rhodope mountain ranges. It’s famous for its alpine landscapes, ski resorts, and the Rila Monastery.
- Thracian Plain (Upper Thracian Lowland): Situated between the Balkan Mountains and the Rhodope Mountains, this is another important agricultural region, known for its vineyards and historical sites.
- Black Sea Coast: Bulgaria’s eastern border is formed by the Black Sea coast, featuring a mix of sandy beaches and rocky cliffs. It’s a major tourist destination, especially in summer.
- Strandzha-Sakar Region: This hilly region in southeastern Bulgaria is known for its unique flora and fauna, as well as its megalithic Thracian ruins.
Each of these regions offers unique landscapes, cultural experiences, and attractions, contributing to Bulgaria’s diverse appeal as a tourist destination.
Tourism in Bulgaria
Tourism plays a significant role in Bulgaria’s economy, and the country has been steadily gaining popularity as a destination for travelers from around the world. Bulgaria offers a diverse range of attractions that cater to various interests, from history buffs and nature enthusiasts to beach lovers and winter sports aficionados.
One of Bulgaria’s main draws is its rich historical heritage. The country boasts seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the ancient city of Nessebar, the Rila Monastery, and the Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak. Sofia, the capital city, is a treasure trove of historical landmarks, such as the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and the ancient Serdica complex.
Beach tourism is another major sector, with the Black Sea coast attracting millions of visitors each year. Popular resorts like Sunny Beach, Golden Sands, and Albena offer pristine beaches, water sports, and vibrant nightlife. The coastal cities of Varna and Burgas blend historical sites with modern amenities, providing a perfect mix of culture and relaxation.
For nature and adventure enthusiasts, Bulgaria’s mountains offer excellent opportunities for hiking, skiing, and eco-tourism. The ski resorts of Bansko, Borovets, and Pamporovo are popular winter destinations, while national parks like Rila, Pirin, and Central Balkan attract hikers and nature lovers year-round.
Bulgaria is also gaining recognition for its spa and wellness tourism. The country has over 600 mineral springs, and towns like Velingrad, Sandanski, and Hisarya are renowned for their healing waters and spa facilities.
Cultural tourism is on the rise, with visitors showing increasing interest in Bulgaria’s traditions, festivals, and rural life. The Rose Valley, famous for its rose oil production, and the traditional villages in the Rhodope Mountains offer unique cultural experiences.
Wine tourism is another growing sector, with Bulgaria’s wine regions gaining international recognition. The Thracian Valley, Melnik, and the Black Sea region are home to numerous wineries that welcome visitors for tastings and tours.
As Bulgaria continues to develop its tourism infrastructure and promote its diverse attractions, the country is poised to become an increasingly popular destination for travelers seeking an authentic and varied European experience.
Cuisines of Bulgaria
Bulgarian cuisine is a delightful blend of Slavic, Turkish, and Mediterranean influences, reflecting the country’s rich history and geographical location. Hearty, flavorful, and deeply rooted in tradition, Bulgarian food is an integral part of the country’s cultural identity.
At the heart of Bulgarian cuisine are fresh, locally sourced ingredients. Vegetables play a prominent role, with tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, and onions featuring in many dishes. Dairy products, especially yogurt and white cheese (sirene), are staples of the Bulgarian diet. The country is famous for its yogurt, which contains the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus bulgaricus, named after the country.
Meat dishes are also popular, with pork, chicken, and lamb being the most common. Grilled meats (skara) are a favorite, especially during summer. Fish dishes are more prevalent along the Black Sea coast and near rivers.
Some iconic Bulgarian dishes include:
- Shopska Salad: A simple yet delicious salad made with tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, peppers, and grated sirene cheese.
- Banitsa: A savory pastry filled with eggs and cheese, often eaten for breakfast.
- Kavarma: A hearty stew made with meat, vegetables, and spices, typically served in a clay pot.
- Tarator: A cold soup made with yogurt, cucumbers, dill, and walnuts, perfect for hot summer days.
- Kebapche: Grilled minced meat rolls, usually made from a mixture of pork and beef.
Bulgarian cuisine also boasts a variety of delicious desserts and drinks. Baklava, a sweet pastry made with phyllo dough and nuts, is a popular treat. Rakia, a strong fruit brandy, is the national drink, while the country’s wines are gaining international recognition for their quality.
One unique aspect of Bulgarian culinary culture is the tradition of “mezes” – small dishes served as appetizers or accompaniments to drinks. This social custom encourages leisurely meals and conversation, reflecting the country’s warm hospitality.
As you travel through Bulgaria, you’ll find that each region has its own specialties and variations on traditional dishes. From the hearty mountain fare of the Rhodopes to the fresh seafood of the Black Sea coast, exploring Bulgarian cuisine is an adventure in itself, offering a delicious way to connect with the country’s culture and people.
Population and Demographics of Bulgaria
Bulgaria, like many Eastern European countries, faces demographic challenges characterized by an aging population and negative population growth. As of 2024, the population of Bulgaria stands at approximately 6.5 million people, marking a significant decrease from its peak of about 9 million in the late 1980s[2].
The country’s population decline is attributed to several factors, including low birth rates, high mortality rates, and significant emigration, particularly since the fall of communism in 1989. Many young Bulgarians have left the country in search of better economic opportunities in Western Europe and beyond, contributing to the demographic shift.
Bulgaria’s population is predominantly urban, with about 75% of people living in cities and towns. The capital, Sofia, is the largest city with over 1.2 million inhabitants, followed by Plovdiv, Varna, and Burgas[1].
The age structure of Bulgaria’s population reflects the aging trend:
- 0-14 years: 14.4%
- 15-64 years: 63.8%
- 65 years and over: 21.8%[2]
This age distribution highlights the challenges Bulgaria faces in terms of supporting an aging population and maintaining a robust workforce.
In terms of ethnic composition, Bulgaria is relatively homogeneous:
- Bulgarians: 84.8%
- Turkish: 8.8%
- Roma: 4.9%
- Other and unknown: 1.5%[2]
These demographic trends have significant implications for Bulgaria’s economy, social services, and cultural dynamics. The government has implemented various policies to address these challenges, including measures to encourage higher birth rates and attract Bulgarians living abroad to return home.
Despite these challenges, Bulgaria’s population remains resilient and proud of its cultural heritage. The country’s rich history and traditions continue to shape its national identity, even as it adapts to demographic changes and modernization.
Language in Bulgaria
The official language of Bulgaria is Bulgarian, a Slavic language that holds a special place in European linguistic history. Bulgarian is notable for being the first Slavic language to be written down, using the Cyrillic alphabet developed by the brothers Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century.
Bulgarian is spoken by the vast majority of the population, with about 85% of Bulgarians declaring it as their mother tongue[5]. The language is closely related to other Slavic languages, particularly Macedonian, and shares similarities with Russian, Serbian, and other languages in the Slavic family.
One of the unique features of Bulgarian among Slavic languages is its use of a definite article (the equivalent of “the” in English) which is added as a suffix to nouns. Another distinctive characteristic is the almost complete loss of noun cases, which are common in most other Slavic languages.
While Bulgarian is the primary language, the country’s linguistic landscape is diverse, reflecting its ethnic composition:
- Turkish is the second most common mother tongue, spoken by about 8% of the population, primarily in areas with significant Turkish minorities.
- Romani, the language of the Roma people, is spoken by approximately 3.5% of the population[5].
In addition to these, there are small communities speaking Armenian, Russian, Ukrainian, and other languages.
In terms of foreign language proficiency, English is increasingly popular, especially among younger generations and in urban areas. It’s commonly taught in schools and is often used in business and tourism. Russian, which was widely taught during the communist era, is still understood by many older Bulgarians.
For visitors to Bulgaria, learning a few basic phrases in Bulgarian can greatly enhance the travel experience. While many people in tourist areas speak English, attempting to use Bulgarian is often appreciated and can help in building connections with locals.
The preservation and promotion of the Bulgarian language is an important aspect of national identity. The country celebrates May 24th as the Day of Bulgarian Education and Culture and Slavonic Literature, honoring the Cyrillic alphabet and its creators.
Travel Safety in Bulgaria
Bulgaria is generally considered a safe country for travelers, with relatively low crime rates compared to many other European destinations. However, as with any travel, it’s important to exercise common sense and take standard precautions to ensure a safe and enjoyable trip.
Violent crime against tourists is rare in Bulgaria, but petty theft and pickpocketing can occur, especially in crowded tourist areas, public transportation, and near major attractions. Travelers should be vigilant with their belongings, use hotel safes for valuables, and avoid displaying expensive jewelry or electronics.
Road safety is an area where caution is advised. While major highways are generally in good condition, some rural roads may be poorly maintained. Driving standards can be unpredictable, and it’s important to be alert, especially when driving at night. If renting a car, ensure it’s from a reputable company and has proper insurance.
In terms of health safety, Bulgaria has a decent healthcare system, but it may not meet the standards some travelers are accustomed to, especially in rural areas. It’s advisable to have comprehensive travel insurance that covers medical emergencies and evacuation. Tap water is generally safe to drink in most urban areas, but bottled water is widely available and recommended for those with sensitive stomachs.
Bulgaria experiences a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. Travelers should be prepared for the weather conditions of their visit, particularly if planning outdoor activities. In winter, snowfall can be heavy in mountainous regions, affecting travel plans.
While Bulgaria is not typically associated with terrorism, it’s always wise to stay informed about current events and follow any travel advisories issued by your home country. The country has a visible police presence, especially in tourist areas, which contributes to overall safety.
For LGBTQ+ travelers, it’s worth noting that while Bulgaria has made progress in LGBTQ+ rights, attitudes can be conservative, especially outside major cities. Discretion is advised in public displays of affection.
When it comes to natural hazards, Bulgaria is in a seismically active region, though major earthquakes are rare. The country also experiences occasional forest fires in summer, particularly in mountainous areas.
Overall, most visits to Bulgaria are trouble-free. By staying aware of your surroundings, respecting local customs, and taking basic precautions, you can enjoy a safe and memorable trip to this beautiful Balkan country.
Emergency Numbers in Bulgaria
Here are the essential emergency numbers in Bulgaria:
- 112 – European Emergency Number (for all emergencies)
- 150 – Fire Brigade
- 166 – Police
- 150 – Ambulance
- 1470 – Mountain Rescue
- 02 / 9732-000 – Sofia Emergency Medical Care
Currency Used in Bulgaria
The official currency of Bulgaria is the Bulgarian Lev (BGN). The lev is divided into 100 stotinki. Coins are available in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 stotinki, as well as 1 and 2 leva. Banknotes come in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 leva.
It’s important to note that while Bulgaria is a member of the European Union, it is not yet part of the Eurozone, meaning the Euro is not the official currency. However, some larger hotels, shops, and restaurants in tourist areas may accept Euros, though often at unfavorable exchange rates.
The Bulgarian Lev has been pegged to the Euro at a fixed rate of 1 EUR = 1.95583 BGN since 1999, providing stability to the currency. This fixed exchange rate is expected to remain in place until Bulgaria joins the Eurozone, which is anticipated in the coming years.
For travelers, it’s advisable to have some Bulgarian Leva on hand, especially when visiting smaller towns or rural areas where foreign currency might not be widely accepted. ATMs are readily available in cities and tourist areas, and most major credit cards are accepted in hotels, restaurants, and larger shops. However, it’s always a good idea to carry some cash, particularly for small purchases or when visiting local markets.
When exchanging money, it’s generally best to do so at banks or official exchange offices rather than at hotels or unofficial exchangers. Always check the exchange rate and any fees before completing a transaction. Traveler’s checks are not commonly used in Bulgaria and may be difficult to cash.
Top 20 Cities in Bulgaria
- Sofia
- Plovdiv
- Varna
- Burgas
- Ruse
- Stara Zagora
- Pleven
- Sliven
- Dobrich
- Shumen
- Pernik
- Haskovo
- Yambol
- Pazardzhik
- Blagoevgrad
- Veliko Tarnovo
- Vratsa
- Gabrovo
- Asenovgrad
- Vidin
Interesting Facts about Bulgaria
- Bulgaria is one of the oldest European states, established in 681 AD.
- The Bulgarian alphabet, called Cyrillic, was invented by two Bulgarian monks in the 9th century.
- Bulgaria is the world’s largest producer of lavender oil, surpassing even France.
- The oldest gold treasure in the world was found in Bulgaria, dating back to 4,600 BC.
- Bulgarians shake their heads to mean “yes” and nod for “no”, which is the opposite of most countries.
- The Bulgarian folk song “Izlel e Delyo Haydutin” was included in the Voyager Golden Record, launched into space in 1977.
- Bulgaria is home to the second-oldest city in Europe, Plovdiv, which dates back to 6,000 BC.
- The country has the highest number of mineral springs in continental Europe, with over 600 springs.
- Bulgaria is one of only three countries in the world that have preserved their original name since their establishment (along with China and Iran).
- The Bulgarian yogurt bacterium (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) is unique and used in yogurt production worldwide.
Customs, Norms, and Etiquettes in Bulgaria
Understanding and respecting local customs and etiquettes can greatly enhance your experience in Bulgaria and help you connect with the local people. Here are some key aspects of Bulgarian customs and norms:
Greetings and Social Interactions
- Bulgarians typically greet each other with a handshake, maintaining eye contact.
- Close friends and family members often greet with a kiss on each cheek.
- Remember that Bulgarians nod for “no” and shake their heads for “yes”, which can be confusing for foreigners.
- It’s common to use formal titles (Mr., Mrs., Dr.) followed by the person’s family name when addressing someone, especially in professional settings.
Dining Etiquette
- If invited to a Bulgarian home, it’s customary to bring a small gift, such as flowers, chocolates, or a bottle of wine.
- Remove your shoes when entering someone’s home unless the host insists otherwise.
- It’s polite to try a bit of everything offered at a meal.
- Toasting is common during meals. The traditional toast is “Nazdrave” (To your health).
Public Behavior
- Bulgarians generally maintain a personal space of about an arm’s length in conversations.
- Public displays of affection are generally accepted in urban areas but may be frowned upon in more conservative rural regions.
- Smoking is still common in Bulgaria, although there are restrictions in public places.
Religious Customs
- The majority of Bulgarians are Eastern Orthodox Christians. When visiting churches, dress modestly and be respectful.
- It’s customary for women to cover their heads in Orthodox churches.
Business Etiquette
- Business meetings tend to be formal. Dress conservatively and arrive on time.
- Business cards are exchanged at the beginning of meetings. It’s polite to look at the card briefly before putting it away.
- Decision-making can be hierarchical and may take longer than in some Western countries.
Tipping Culture
- Tipping is expected in restaurants, usually around 10% of the bill.
- It’s common to round up the fare for taxi drivers.
General Politeness
- It’s considered impolite to point with your finger. Use your whole hand if you need to indicate direction.
- Bulgarians may appear reserved at first but are generally warm and hospitable once you get to know them.
Taboos and Sensitive Topics
- Avoid comparing Bulgaria unfavorably to other countries.
- Be sensitive when discussing politics, particularly topics related to communism or relationships with neighboring countries.
Understanding and respecting these customs will help you navigate social situations more comfortably and show respect for Bulgarian culture. Remember, customs can vary between urban and rural areas, and younger generations may have more relaxed attitudes towards some traditional norms.
We hope this article Things To Know About Bulgaria Before You Travel, will help you with your journey to this country in any shape or form and that’s our goal here at GlobLeo. Happy Travels.
External Resources
- World Factbook – Bulgaria:
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bulgaria/ - Wiki Travel – Bulgaria:
https://wikitravel.org/en/Bulgaria - State Travel Advisory – Bulgaria:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/bulgaria-travel-advisory.html
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